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List of caliphs
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
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All years are according to the Common Era
Accepted by Sunni Muslims as the first four pious and rightly guided rulers; Most Shi'a Muslims believe that the first three were usurpers.
(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Iberian peninsula and parts of North Africa)
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(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain and parts of Morocco) |
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(Not widely accepted) |
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(During the latter period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Sultan) |
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(Note: The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate)
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Originally the secular, conquering dynasty was just entitled Sultan, soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples
Note: From 1908 onwards the Ottoman Sultan was considered the equivalent of a constitutional monarch without executive powers, with parliament consisting of chosen representatives.
The caliphate was abolished by the Turkish Grand National Assembly on March 3, 1924. A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Hashimi, King of al-Hijaz and Sharif of Mecca, who assumed both 11 March 1924 and held them until his passing the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi, who did not adopt the khalifal office and style. |