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Impeccability is the absence of sin. Christianity believes this to be an attribute of God (logically God cannot sin, it would mean that he would act against his own will and his nature) and therefore also an attribute of Christ.

Early Christians questioned whether the saints in heaven could sin: Origen claimed they could. Roman Catholic doctrine holds that they can due to the gift of free will. This belief is exemplified very clearly in the oral tradition of the story of pre-history.

Pelagianism, which held that a human being could (while alive) become incapable of sinning, was condemned as a heresy by the Council of Trent.

The Roman Catholic church teaches that the Blessed Virgin Mary was, by a special grace of God, without sin her entire life. Some theologians have asserted this special grace extended to impeccability [understood in this context as the inability to sin]; others argue this could not be so, as a person she would have had free will, and therefore the ability to sin, but through her cooperation avoided it.

Impeccability is sometimes confused with infallibility, especially in discussions of papal infallibility. Impeccability is an attribute not claimed by the pope, and few would deny that there have been "bad" popes - Saint Peter himself denied Jesus three times after being essentially appointed Pope. Regarding the papacy, Pope Gregory VII wrote (emphasis added):

The pope can be judged by no one; the Roman church has never erred and never will err till the end of time; the Roman church was founded by Christ alone; the pope alone can depose and restore bishops; he alone can make new laws, set up new bishoprics and divide old ones. ... He alone can call general councils and authorize canon laws; his legates .. have precedence over all bishops. ... A duly ordained pope is undoubtedly made a saint by the merits of St. Peter.^[1]

1. ^ Power and the Papacy (ISBN 0-7648-0141-4), by Robert McClory, p. 19.